誰(shuí)知道三氯化鋁的物理性質(zhì)

dudu2203

誰(shuí)有三氯化鋁的在900度時(shí)的氣體的發(fā)射率和其他的物理性質(zhì)幫忙查一下，我這里找不到實(shí)用熱物理性質(zhì)手冊(cè)。

漂流瓶

Background Alumina is the most widely used oxide ceramic material. Its applications are widespread, and include spark plugs, tap washers, pump seals, electronic substrates, grinding media, abrasion resistant tiles, cutting tools, bioceramics, (hip-joints), body armour, laboratory ware and wear parts for the textile and paper industries. Very large tonnages are also used in the manufacture of monolithic and brick refractories. It is also used mixed with other materials such as flake graphite where even more severe applications are envisaged, such as pouring spouts and sliding gate valves. Key Properties The characteristics which alumina has and which are important for these applications are shown below. 7 Z9 Q5 M `- R, x. z· High compression strength · High hardness · Resistant to abrasion · Resistant to chemical attack by a wide range of chemicals even at elevated temperatures " F4 P- G! r) L, L, G· High thermal conductivity 7 b9 y: a, }) n$ V2 M " g6 O& x# ~4 B& n· Resistant to thermal shock % S; S3 |, M0 a2 s; p - i7 b5 \ I1 y, J2 l· High degree of refractoriness - }1 }( u7 w$ l3 s) w r: q · High dielectric strength ) W+ G1 \% Y8 R0 T2 s7 l 8 M3 {6 I4 E5 b. f' [· High electrical resistivity even at elevated temperatures 5 M2 A7 i# s1 W" w! f " j! l7 Z% }9 ~8 y* J u+ I· Transparent to microwave radio frequencies " [6 Y% E! e+ \0 H · Low neutron cross section capture area ( I5 Q+ Z: c5 {' M, Y5 F7 M· Raw material readily available and price not subject to violent fluctuation / s6 [- T. j9 VAnnual Production Annual production of alumina is some 45 million tonnes, of which 90% is used in the manufacture of aluminium metal by electrolysis. Where Does Alumina Come From? ; d0 \6 F4 C/ c) W$ aMost of the aluminium oxide produced commercially is obtained by the calcination of aluminium hydroxide (frequently termed alumina trihydrate or ATH). The aluminium hydroxide is virtually all made by the Bayer Process. This involves the digestion of bauxite in caustic soda and the subsequent precipitation of aluminium hydroxide by the addition of fine seed crystals of aluminium hydroxide. Phases of Alumina Aluminium oxide exists in many forms, a, c, h, d, k, q, g, r; these arise during the heat treatment of aluminium hydroxide or aluminium oxy hydroxide. The most thermodynamically stable form is a-aluminium oxide. $ a: ^. Y6 l, b3 q0 pAluminium Hydroxides $ _0 i3 i( t* N4 [9 OAluminium forms a range of hydroxides; some of these are well characterised crystalline compounds, whilst others are ill-defined amorphous compounds. The most common trihydroxides are gibbsite, bayerite and nordstrandite, whilst the more common oxide hydroxide forms are boehmite and diaspore. 7 U% h0 [# q# ^& M Commercially the most important form is gibbsite, although bayerite and boehmite are also manufactured on an industrial scale. " A1 I! {* A. v! N Aluminium hydroxide has a wide range of uses, such as flame retardants in plastics and rubber, paper fillers and extenders, toothpaste filler, antacids, titania coating and as a feedstock for the manufacture of aluminium chemicals, e.g. aluminium sulfate, aluminium chlorides, poly aluminium chloride, aluminium nitrate. , k4 o5 r S0 E8 c9 c1 i # ~" V, ?0 u1 }$ }9 Y# H! dCommercial Grades of Alumina Smelter Grade Alumina Smelter or metallurgical grade alumina is the name given to alumina utilised in the manufacture of aluminium metal. Historically it was manufactured from aluminium hydroxide using rotary kilns but is now generally produced in fluid bed or fluid flash calciners. In the fluid flash processes the aluminium hydroxide is fed into a counter-current stream of hot air obtained by burning fuel oil or gas. The first effect is that of removing the free water and this is followed by removal of the chemically combined water; this occurs over a range of temperatures between 180-600oC. The dehydrated alumina is principally in the form of activated alumina and the surface area gradually decreases as the temperature rises towards 1000oC. Further calcination at temperatures > 1000oC converts this to the more stable a-form. The conversion to the a-form is typically of the order of 25% and the specific surface area is relatively high at >50m2/g due to the presence of transition aluminas. / z ` u: B& Z8 H' O9 F' M Calcined Alumina ) p" N# y* c- |+ e+ B' {6 jIf aluminium hydroxide is heated to a temperature in excess of 1100oC, then it passes through the transition phases of alumina referred to above. ! E$ b2 t0 I2 O- x' Q; e- } ) o3 J) z, C+ \# c. |$ ^! RThe final product, if a high enough temperature is used, is a-alumina. The manufacturing process is commercially undertaken in long rotary kilns. Mineralisers are frequently added to catalyse the reaction and bring down the temperature at which the a-alumina phase forms; fluoride salts are the most commonly used mineralisers. ; M5 ^9 g( X3 a; p5 X- T* m6 P ( J% A, L1 m% a: O( s0 ZThese calcined alumina products are used in a wide range of ceramic and refractory applications. The main impurity present is sodium oxide. Various grades are produced which differ in crystallite size, morphology and chemical impurities. ' D6 }& u: S+ |( q ; Y" k! t2 U% {1 @/ fThe calcined grades are often sub-divided into ordinary soda, medium soda (soda level 0.15-0.25% wt%) and low soda alumina. % x: e6 p- c+ y! K7 J% m! G 0 @# a# I" \7 Q. {- L* c$ h8 jLow Soda Alumina Many applications, particularly in the electrical/electronic areas, require a low level of soda to be present in the alumina. A low soda alumina is generally defined as an alumina with soda content of <0.1% by weight. This can be manufactured by many different routes including acid washing, chlorine addition, boron addition, and utilisation of soda adsorbing compounds. / j# v* j% e: t1 @/ s6 q6 [' x Reactive Alumina “Reactive” alumina is the terms normally given to a relatively high purity and small crystal size (<1 mm) alumina which sinters to a fully dense body at lower temperatures than low soda, medium-soda or ordinary-soda aluminas. These powders are normally supplied after intensive ball-milling which breaks up the agglomerates produced after calcination. They are utilised where exceptional strength, wear resistance, temperature resistance, surface finish or chemical inertness are required. Tabular Alumina 4 I9 Q6 V' P+ T8 aTabular alumina is recrystallised or sintered a-alumina, so called because its morphology consists of large, 50-500 mm, flat tablet-shaped crystals of corundum. It is produced by pelletising, extruding, or pressing calcined alumina into shapes and then heating these shapes to a temperature just under their fusion point, 1700-1850oC in shaft kilns. $ T6 F- f9 D+ f% A ( z# l3 j8 T. w- H2 BAfter calcination, the spheres of shapes of sintered alumina can be used as they are for some applications, e.g. catalyst beds, or they can be crushed, screened and ground to produce a wide range of sizes. As the material has been sintered it has an especially low porosity, high density, low permeability, good chemical inertness, high refractoriness and is especially suitable for refractory applications. ! \7 l# j$ q5 { , A0 G" [7 a+ w: b' C. [Fused Alumina Fused alumina is made in electric arc furnaces by passing a current between vertical carbon electrodes. The heat generated melts the alumina. The furnace consists of a water cooled steel shell and 3-20 tonne batches of material are fused at any one time. The fused alumina has a high density, low porosity, low permeability and high refractoriness. As a result these characteristics, it is used in the manufacture of abrasives and refractories. 6 F( x2 T% k" O" lHigh Purity Aluminas / ? B1 Z7 b3 s f) q& ZHigh purity aluminas are normally classified as those with a purity of 99.99% and can be manufactured by routes starting from Bayer hydrate using successive activations and washings, or via a chloride to achieve the necessary degree of purity. Even higher purities are manufactured by calcining ammonium aluminium sulfate or from aluminium metal. In the case of the route via ammonium aluminium sulfate, the necessary degree of purity is obtained by successive recrystallisations. Especially high purities can be made from aluminium by reacting the metal with an alcohol, purifying the aluminium alkoxide by distillation, hydrolysing and the calcination. A minor route involves subjecting super purity aluminium metal pellets under distilled water to a spark discharge. 1 B4 @3 E0 W5 v2 qApplications include the manufacture of synthetic gem stones such as rubies and yttrium aluminium garnets for lasers, and sapphires for instrument windows and lasers. c' K1 k% Q; u) _# U( ^ 8 I, c5 F: }9 t/ t" w7 j

漂流瓶

我找了個(gè)英文的,先看看怎么樣,我覺(jué)得很全面的呢

三腳貓

漂流瓶：能否翻譯成中文,我看不懂啊。

coldmoon

漂流瓶的資料翻譯，如有不對(duì)的還請(qǐng)指教。我也是軟件翻譯的。大體上看了一下，還可以。

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背景
鋁土是最用途廣泛的氧化物陶瓷材料。 它的應(yīng)用普遍， 并且包括火花塞， 輕拍洗衣機(jī)， 泵浦封印， 電子基體， 研的媒介， 磨蝕抗性瓦片， 切割工具， bioceramics， (臀部聯(lián)接)， 身體裝甲， 實(shí)驗(yàn)室商品和穿戴零件為紡織品和紙產(chǎn)業(yè)。非常大tonnages也用于整體和磚refractories制造。 也使用它混雜與其他材料例如片狀石墨，更加嚴(yán)厲應(yīng)用被想象， 例如傾吐的噴口和插板閘閥門(mén)。

關(guān)鍵物產(chǎn)鋁土
關(guān)鍵物產(chǎn)鋁土并且為這些應(yīng)用是重要的特征如下所示。
高壓縮強(qiáng)度
高堅(jiān)硬
抗性對(duì)磨蝕
 抗性對(duì)化學(xué)攻擊由大范圍化學(xué)制品甚而在高溫；
高電介質(zhì)強(qiáng)度 
高電子抵抗力甚而在高溫 
透明對(duì)微波射頻 
低中子短剖面捕獲區(qū)域
 原料欣然可利用和價(jià)格不受猛烈波動(dòng)[onlinetranslation支配]

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每年鋁土的生產(chǎn)每年生產(chǎn)是大約45百萬(wàn)噸， 其中90用于鋁金屬制造0is的由電析。

Where Does Alumina Come From?
商業(yè)被生產(chǎn)的大多數(shù)氧化鋁由氫氧化鋁的鍛燒獲得(頻繁地被命名鋁土trihydrate或ATH)。 氫氧化鋁是由貝爾過(guò)程實(shí)際上所有做了。 這在苛性鈉介入鋁土礦和氫氧化鋁的隨后降雨雪的消化由氫氧化鋁美好的晶種的加法。第一個(gè)作用是那取消自由水，并且這由化工聯(lián)合的水的撤除跟隨; 這發(fā)生在溫度的范圍在180-600°C之間。 被脫水的鋁土主要地是以被激活的鋁土的形式，并且表面逐漸減少，當(dāng)溫度上升往1000°C。

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階段鋁土氧化鋁存在以許多形式， a， c， h， d， k， q， g， r; 在氫氧化鋁或鋁oxy氫氧化的熱治療期間，這些升起。 最熱力學(xué)上穩(wěn)定的形式是鋁氧化物。

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氫氧化鋁鋁形成氫氧化的范圍; 其中一些是很好被描繪的水晶化合物， 其他是不清楚的無(wú)定形的化合物。 最共同的trihydroxides是gibbsite， bayerite和nordstrandite， 更加共同的氧化物氫氧化形式是boehmite和水鋁石。

商業(yè)最重要的形式是gibbsite， 雖然bayerite和boehmite在工業(yè)等級(jí)也被制造。

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氫氧化鋁有大范圍用途， 例如火焰阻化劑在塑料和橡膠， 紙補(bǔ)白和增量劑， 牙膏補(bǔ)白， 抗酸劑， titania涂層和作為一種原料為鋁化學(xué)制品制造， e.g. 鋁硫酸鹽， 氯化鋁， 多氯化鋁， 鋁硝酸鹽。

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鋁土商品級(jí)
精煉工等級(jí)鋁土
精煉工或冶金成績(jī)鋁土是名字被給在鋁金屬制造運(yùn)用的鋁土。 歷史上它從氫氧化鋁是制作的使用回轉(zhuǎn)爐，但一般現(xiàn)在被生產(chǎn)在流化床或流體一剎那calciners。 在流體閃光處理氫氧化鋁被投向燒獲得的一條逆流的小河空話燃料油或氣體。 進(jìn)一步鍛燒在溫度> 1000oC轉(zhuǎn)換此成更加穩(wěn)定的形式。 轉(zhuǎn)換向形式特點(diǎn)是25 比表面區(qū)域是相對(duì)地高在>50m2/的0and等級(jí) g由于轉(zhuǎn)折aluminas出現(xiàn)。

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被鍛燒的鋁土，如果氫氧化鋁被加熱到溫度超出1100°C， 然后它穿過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)折階段鋁土提到上面

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最終產(chǎn)品， 如果使用一個(gè)高足夠的溫度， 是鋁土。 制造過(guò)程在長(zhǎng)的回轉(zhuǎn)爐商業(yè)被承擔(dān)。 Mineralisers頻繁地增加摧化反應(yīng)和減少鋁土階段形成的溫度; 氟化物鹽是通常半新mineralisers。

這些被鍛燒的鋁土產(chǎn)品用于大范圍陶瓷和加工困難的應(yīng)用。 主要雜質(zhì)禮物是鈉氧化物。 在晶子大小不同的各種各樣的成績(jī)導(dǎo)致， 形態(tài)學(xué)和化學(xué)制品雜質(zhì)。

低蘇打鋁土
許多應(yīng)用， 特別在電電子區(qū)域， 要求低級(jí)蘇打是存在鋁土。 低蘇打鋁土一般被定義作為鋁土與<0.1  0by重量蘇打內(nèi)容。 這可以由許多不同的路線制造包括酸沖洗， 氯加法， 硼加法， 并且蘇打吸附的化合物的運(yùn)用。

易反應(yīng)的鋁土
鋁土是期限通常被給比低蘇打焊接對(duì)一個(gè)充分地密集的身體在低溫的相對(duì)地高純度和小水晶大小(<1毫米)鋁土， 媒介蘇打或普通蘇打aluminas。 這些粉末在破壞在鍛燒以后被生產(chǎn)的塊集巖的密集球碾碎以后通常被供應(yīng)。運(yùn)用他們例外力量的地方， 耐磨性， 溫度抵抗， 需要表面結(jié)束或化學(xué)制品惰性。

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表格鋁土
表格鋁土被重結(jié)晶或被焊接的鋁土， 所謂，因?yàn)樗男螒B(tài)學(xué)包括大， 50-500毫米， 剛玉平的片劑形狀的水晶。 它是通過(guò)成粒狀生產(chǎn)的， 擠壓， 或按被鍛燒的鋁土入形狀然后加熱這些形狀到溫度在他們的熔點(diǎn)之下， 1700-1850°C在立窯。

 

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在鍛燒以后， 被焊接的鋁土形狀球形，當(dāng)他們是為有些應(yīng)用，可以使用， e.g. 催化劑床， 或他們可以被擊碎， 篩選和研導(dǎo)致大范圍大小。 因?yàn)椴牧媳缓附恿怂刑貏e低多孔性， 高密， 低滲透性， 好化工惰性， 高耐火度和為加工困難的應(yīng)用是特別適當(dāng)?shù)?/P>

被熔化的鋁土
被熔化的鋁土在電電弧爐被做通過(guò)通過(guò)潮流在垂直的碳電極之間。 引起的熱熔化鋁土。 熔爐包括一根水冷的鋼毛管，并且3-20噸批材料隨時(shí)被熔化. 被熔化的鋁土有高密， 低多孔性， 低滲透性和高耐火度。 結(jié)果這些特征， 用于研磨劑和refractories制造。

高純度Aluminas
高純度aluminas通常被分類(lèi)和那些以99.99  0and純凈可以由路線制造從貝爾含水物開(kāi)始使用連續(xù)活化作用和洗滌物， 或通過(guò)達(dá)到必要的程度的氯化物純凈。 更高的純度被制造由鍛燒的氨鹽基鋁硫酸鹽或從鋁金屬. 在路線情況下通過(guò)氨鹽基鋁硫酸鹽， 必要的程度純凈由連續(xù)再結(jié)晶獲得。 特別是高純度可以由鋁被做通過(guò)起反應(yīng)金屬與酒精， 凈化鋁醇鹽由蒸餾， 水解和鍛燒較小路線介入服從超級(jí)純凈鋁金屬藥丸在蒸餾水之下到火花放電。

應(yīng)用包括綜合性寶石石頭制造例如紅寶石和釔鋁石榴石為lasers， 并且青玉為儀器窗口和lasers。