久久久国产一区二区_国产精品av电影_日韩精品中文字幕一区二区三区_精品一区二区三区免费毛片爱
機(jī)械社區(qū)
標(biāo)題:
英文全書下載 Viscoelastic Materials. Roderic Lakes 2009 《粘彈性材料》
[打印本頁]
作者:
陳小黑
時間:
2015-1-9 22:34
標(biāo)題:
英文全書下載 Viscoelastic Materials. Roderic Lakes 2009 《粘彈性材料》
本帖最后由 陳小黑 于 2015-1-9 22:37 編輯
+ @" R" P( A1 L \7 \# I. ]( S5 @
6 I/ t9 D" s$ x; P7 c" G% d
(, 下載次數(shù): 6)
上傳
點擊文件名下載附件
下載積分: 威望 -10 點
4 T1 h; J% R# Z8 R$ A
" ~' f$ P; b, a4 i/ c9 \
(, 下載次數(shù): 6)
上傳
點擊文件名下載附件
下載積分: 威望 -10 點
- l( g2 b- o5 q1 q0 g9 b0 i" N6 Z
6 e# J4 f2 l" I7 y1 U
目錄
8 ^6 Q, _% s7 M% V/ B( P7 z0 h
( ?& \$ {; c" ^
Contents
0 ]0 p0 U" R7 }: \' {# U9 T
; h% x* M& j, G: f
Preface page xvii
( b& F; z% i( n
1 Introduction: Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0 t- b- \- s2 @+ R9 p P
1.1 Viscoelastic Phenomena 1
6 Z1 o2 L, H' J/ H1 w
1.2 Motivations for Studying Viscoelasticity 3
) U' X4 S0 [3 r5 }; s" |
1.3 Transient Properties: Creep and Relaxation 3
& w( _0 x$ x, l9 n4 q' ? E
1.3.1 Viscoelastic Functions J (t), E(t) 3
; B( M1 E# s9 w/ t( x6 L
1.3.2 Solids and Liquids 7
7 w( R7 V( h1 p& d
1.4 Dynamic Response to Sinusoidal Load: E∗, tanδ 8
7 n1 k0 U4 X8 V3 ?; E: m9 t$ \! X
1.5 Demonstration of Viscoelastic Behavior 10
9 x& T. a# J. m/ |* g" W. O
1.6 Historical Aspects 10
. [& P# J- K, j1 _
1.7 Summary 11
8 U0 G$ ?& v9 ^$ A5 {' \
1.8 Examples 11
; }4 j/ L6 Q0 a x. g4 d4 [3 T
1.9 Problems 12
, W- }) |% r) Z0 q" U( q
Bibliography 12
( S M! D4 m4 {( a4 `
0 Q/ m& y: V2 a% w
" ^1 V |2 ~, Q7 d, C
8 P0 ]' O( B5 M: q4 q
% W% @9 w1 [- M6 s; d F6 e d0 j
0 ~9 c5 r+ Q! P; r! J$ R* E* {" x/ F
! R- g3 R4 L; p8 G5 X Z
2 Constitutive Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
) I; G0 i" O1 D; _
2.1 Introduction 14
j; Z$ C9 V2 W/ E# @2 {
2.2 Prediction of the Response of Linearly Viscoelastic Materials 14
6 ~$ D2 w8 k! R1 ^$ N
2.2.1 Prediction of Recovery from Relaxation E(t) 14
. r! Q7 ~- N. h+ F L
2.2.2 Prediction of Response to Arbitrary Strain History 15
3 B5 I. t% e y
2.3 Restrictions on the Viscoelastic Functions 17
7 W# C" U# h! {0 Q% @" e. T
2.3.1 Roles of Energy and Passivity 17
; j& ~( |0 z5 G7 B5 y0 K
2.3.2 Fading Memory 18
! J0 v$ u6 L. X" j& c4 u$ k
2.4 Relation between Creep and Relaxation 19
3 M @# o$ x. b9 Y3 t
2.4.1 Analysis by Laplace Transforms: J (t) ↔ E(t) 19
- d/ X' x1 o6 D
2.4.2 Analysis by Direct Construction: J (t) ↔ E(t) 20
7 N* ^5 C5 F% I
2.5 Stress versus Strain for Constant Strain Rate 20
2 r3 v& x! t( h" h+ _. U
2.6 Particular Creep and Relaxation Functions 21
" X, m7 m4 Y ~, \, b0 W
2.6.1 Exponentials and Mechanical Models 21
O! y' R, ?8 W/ e. Y& V6 O/ h
2.6.2 Exponentials and Internal Causal Variables 26
9 m2 y/ ?# j: ?' e/ O; }' H
2.6.3 Fractional Derivatives 27
2 n3 c7 d5 q: L- B% H
2.6.4 Power-Law Behavior 28
D7 s1 Q7 i! ~! V2 N! a( b
2.6.5 Stretched Exponential 29
+ H9 m/ r' n6 _" e8 _& ?; N5 V% u
2.6.6 Logarithmic Creep; Kuhn Model 29
. b. N/ L4 Z! ^6 l& f: J
2.6.7 Distinguishing among Viscoelastic Functions 30
5 f) i _# L3 V+ f9 q) w9 p) o7 Y v
2.7 Effect of Temperature 30
" y$ N4 `. t3 @0 C2 Y, {2 ~) E* {
2.8 Three-Dimensional Linear Constitutive Equation 33
( Z# F! w4 n& P7 u: c
2.9 Aging Materials 35
4 ^9 G. {. C. J
2.10 Dielectric and Other Forms of Relaxation 35
7 g/ b0 _: V: {4 u f
2.11 Adaptive and “Smart” Materials 36
7 Z/ D# u7 |. o, I' m7 a; U w. b
2.12 Effect of Nonlinearity 37
$ q; Z/ V% T3 x# V9 Q2 q
2.12.1 Constitutive Equations 37
1 u7 r0 K2 H' ]2 b
2.12.2 Creep–Relaxation Interrelation: Nonlinear 40
0 Q) H1 w4 _7 D) W& `
2.13 Summary 43
8 |9 g+ ^( ` H& ]* x/ M2 U4 |
2.14 Examples 43
, c1 d! W8 `3 Y& Q! E' j/ ~
2.15 Problems 51
# m P0 h! R6 S5 Q9 u
Bibliography 52
+ F' L% E$ }# |9 P1 }! g
4 T# e1 i& {% Q* J- O. [4 q$ p0 Y
4 y) I' j6 t6 P6 C; O5 `1 a [# \
& D6 B# m- h! z) @% C
: c9 j- t" w& D4 W! y5 `
3 Dynamic Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1 e0 U/ z2 i6 x8 v; U6 C3 Q6 ^
3.1 Introduction and Rationale 55
6 i' g- q! w8 ~ P
3.2 The Linear Dynamic Response Functions E∗, tanδ 56
$ t0 A) P" m I# }. C o5 B
3.2.1 Response to Sinusoidal Input 57
# h: R* s; E, P; K" @( j
3.2.2 Dynamic Stress–Strain Relation 59
3 t5 x% R# h' M& G
3.2.3 Standard Linear Solid 62
* o5 a1 f" ^+ P# |
3.3 Kramers–Kronig Relations 63
+ y, z! r/ M6 [5 [: b& ?
3.4 Energy Storage and Dissipation 65
5 F; d/ g/ @( R0 J# p7 ]" X G
3.5 Resonance of Structural Members 67
; r& {8 |; k+ h4 C! e
3.5.1 Resonance, Lumped System 67
. y* g9 D, O; G/ v& V. K% J% k
3.5.2 Resonance, Distributed System 71
) B) _. w# A# h d: R" D w3 @
3.6 Decay of Resonant Vibration 74
9 O4 M$ P% l6 B# v8 n
3.7 Wave Propagation and Attenuation 77
0 ^4 A$ G: B, I. J
3.8 Measures of Damping 79
|$ T4 Z" O/ t. b/ o) i
3.9 Nonlinear Materials 79
: z1 p K& @. g# m g: G3 K8 U1 X
3.10 Summary 81
, ]# D8 {& h8 E0 d
3.11 Examples 81
4 X& d' v! ^2 M6 U
3.12 Problems 88
) l# @* O( g2 n: h4 \
Bibliography 89
3 F* B1 j; M/ |! q( Z" c6 T& j) q1 @
4 G+ d# R7 T3 r+ N* ?8 C
+ G. j0 ?4 f. R/ P
" r' d: c2 p8 J% ^( t) g" K
4 Conceptual Structure of Linear Viscoelasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
, G) Q3 X8 @; ]0 t8 l
4.1 Introduction 91
/ f+ C5 J( Z0 t5 t) Y- m
4.2 Spectra in Linear Viscoelasticity 92
7 C* y" b4 O L+ B+ F3 K6 ^* u6 o
4.2.1 Definitions H(τ ), L(τ ) and Exact Interrelations 92
8 l5 F! e+ ^8 S/ Q) Q% W
4.2.2 Particular Spectra 93
5 C; Q8 m2 m4 E* s% |
4.3 Approximate Interrelations of Viscoelastic Functions 95
8 V! ]7 X7 o: M$ b- x' S* k# _; ^* f
4.3.1 Interrelations Involving the Spectra 95
& ?: y$ H4 X7 _( Y. ] ]0 O6 F
4.3.2 Interrelations Involving Measurable Functions 98
6 Z @. ~6 g0 h7 J' a2 A8 H
4.3.3 Summary, Approximate Relations 101
7 ]' @( r: R7 [. F1 {7 v) ]0 j
4.4 Conceptual Organization of the Viscoelastic Functions 101
/ u: o8 o) K w2 `7 d) Y
4.5 Summary 104
' c( h" N: ^2 Y ~
4.6 Examples 104
* A% I' X Q2 @3 N$ B2 ]* j
4.7 Problems 109
& C: z6 Z- z m4 W" ?7 \' d2 ]& a
Bibliography 109
8 ^5 ^5 f( X$ Z7 B) l
2 `: T) S5 ?% C" k# @: Q ]
7 X- Y; l! }# J$ {8 t0 l1 E/ W
9 [6 S0 D3 j/ u/ n1 I+ v, G
5 Viscoelastic Stress and Deformation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
1 j$ }6 p6 P" q: Q x( n5 F
5.1 Introduction 111
7 e+ |* j& G3 Z) m
5.2 Three-Dimensional Constitutive Equation 111
* c& l ]" z- r: i. I- z, P9 h
5.3 Pure Bending by Direct Construction 112
* \' n% H, v* a% e7 ]" j- y' Y! o
5.4 Correspondence Principle 114
1 ?/ a7 C' x6 T" _1 o( l: C" R
5.5 Pure Bending by Correspondence 116
: ]+ L: F" b2 ~3 I5 J$ C
5.6 Correspondence Principle in Three Dimensions 116
( T2 _. l7 H: D- f% A m
5.6.1 Constitutive Equations 116
2 B9 V& ~, u' ]3 F
5.6.2 Rigid Indenter on a Semi-Infinite Solid 117
' e# |+ `3 N6 J3 @5 S2 |2 R
5.6.3 Viscoelastic Rod Held at Constant Extension 119
; a* ]' r4 c* X$ y9 h- d. H
5.6.4 Stress Concentration 119
0 W0 i; b/ d* n; y% ~
5.6.5 Saint Venant’s Principle 120
3 D/ F _2 E) \' _: E8 U
5.7 Poisson’s Ratio ν(t) 121
5 E" A$ s2 _, I( G( m) G; [
5.7.1 Relaxation in Tension 121
. }/ ~! {/ r2 ~
5.7.2 Creep in Tension 123
0 C- R, S$ a+ p
5.8 Dynamic Problems: Effects of Inertia 124
5 b0 f. k" |4 B" P6 `4 F6 [
5.8.1 Longitudinal Vibration and Waves in a Rod 124
5 V; i' @& J7 I5 `3 P" J) M6 s8 x
5.8.2 Torsional Waves and Vibration in a Rod 125
7 L1 \0 g* z& V
5.8.3 Bending Waves and Vibration 128
# n: }( o$ u9 W( ~
5.8.4 Waves in Three Dimensions 129
- u6 }, ]0 A6 r4 A# ]6 g3 A
5.9 Noncorrespondence Problems 131
. U* S1 y1 v( O
5.9.1 Solution by Direct Construction: Example 131
8 n- p7 c. K: ?- B" }
5.9.2 A Generalized Correspondence Principle 132
+ P6 A9 D: f1 @4 R+ s
5.9.3 Contact Problems 132
# X, P, q- N8 o2 ~
5.10 Bending in Nonlinear Viscoelasticity 133
1 ? U! R$ T/ b1 P
5.11 Summary 134
: J) i( q0 D$ r1 W0 H# j$ n& h1 y
5.12 Examples 134
+ v6 m9 ~; s q) Z2 J6 n; { t9 T0 S
5.13 Problems 142
9 H+ t1 V0 g, Z" A2 z4 T/ y
Bibliography 142
9 ^: o/ B. Z' d' |. T& ?% Q4 K4 D
9 Y( K3 n7 P' k+ ^* g! k
3 t" g2 Y4 n4 @# V) l b
. L& o* l7 D. P) N7 W* m
6 Experimental Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
1 v" i3 u- r/ L! |
6.1 Introduction and General Requirements 145
; i1 `+ K5 m; k4 J5 I
6.2 Creep 146
m, x( G" n/ |" x
6.2.1 Creep: Simple Methods to Obtain J (t) 146
6 N/ |& q: [# y/ e, A9 Z; J! C$ y
6.2.2 Effect of Risetime in Transient Tests 146
. f4 v* v O5 g1 M) y
6.2.3 Creep in Anisotropic Media 148
! I6 a+ X- n' Y7 ]4 b. g' m" r
6.2.4 Creep in Nonlinear Media 148
( R) |) v S; @- K C
6.3 Inference of Moduli 150
" c7 H1 g0 b. m/ q7 _) }* I
6.3.1 Use of Analytical Solutions 150
: X7 K* I# I& P/ H, A
6.3.2 Compression of a Block 151
, U/ t" Q9 l/ s$ A3 b
6.4 Displacement and Strain Measurement 152
4 `+ V+ H- @- }% q& ?0 y, X! f
6.5 Force Measurement 156
3 k! S: l E2 V& Q6 M1 \
6.6 Load Application 157
3 q' Z/ x" J4 A, x
6.7 Environmental Control 157
/ n% d( D. k. d# E& `
6.8 Subresonant Dynamic Methods 158
" W5 b: R9 J! |
6.8.1 Phase Determination 158
' N5 o, \" E4 i6 T
6.8.2 Nonlinear Materials 160
% _6 }" s/ y' G! K" M; }8 R# y
6.8.3 Rebound Test 161
8 [& l: `4 `7 J* t3 P! ^. O
6.9 Resonance Methods 161
9 t3 z6 B* ?6 k7 C9 t4 s, A4 X) V
6.9.1 General Principles 161
3 W8 x* l5 ]' d0 C
6.9.2 Particular Resonance Methods 163
' x% m- a0 h0 A+ M/ f
6.9.3 Methods for Low-Loss or High-Loss Materials 166
) I4 _+ H& g/ R. Z$ S6 m7 B
6.9.4 Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy 168
% |6 k+ `$ l& _$ P
6.10 Achieving a Wide Range of Time or Frequency 171
3 A+ k! h) @, }
6.10.1 Rationale 171
$ |- G! j' p6 p2 g5 V
6.10.2 Multiple Instruments and Long Creep 172
, b7 p) d' d2 [6 q' u, \
6.10.3 Time–Temperature Superposition 172
' @. ]$ C' ?" z
6.11 Test Instruments for Viscoelasticity 173
) y3 k1 e+ D5 A3 j7 B! X& q* R* g
6.11.1 Servohydraulic Test Machines 173
) W* q5 O$ a3 P2 o/ F4 c- S0 P: o/ a
6.11.2A Relaxation Instrument 174
$ `6 _: h$ O' ^) D+ s( Z9 O. [
6.11.3 Driven Torsion Pendulum Devices 174
@5 K/ y2 a' P7 d
6.11.4 Commercial Viscoelastic Instrumentation 178
# a5 G' [9 g$ f- E$ T7 u5 ?
6.11.5 Instruments for a Wide Range of Time and Frequency 179
; R* _2 p2 v' o
6.11.6 Fluctuation–Dissipation Relation 182
) _6 \! [ s0 U- i2 z, P
6.11.7 Mapping Properties by Indentation 183
" A _; @, d; a
6.12 Wave Methods 184
@6 E& F+ t) ]9 w, v! R+ m4 @
6.13 Summary 188
# j- ?6 G& T6 U% P0 b# c
6.14 Examples 188
/ V& x3 F& p5 v- B* f' F4 o
6.15 Problems 200
8 `( M' Y1 w6 N6 x
Bibliography 201
4 K: Z! f5 m7 ]( `
5 I+ ~ c# @; P2 g
, i' g9 ]* N- Q- t
' q- U" ?7 R& g n
7 Viscoelastic Properties of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
, M) R% O- j- i. f
7.1 Introduction 207
, t2 L( h- @" R( K' ^# M4 k7 k7 x
7.1.1 Rationale 207
2 b8 s) v% \1 m+ w" E; I) u
7.1.2 Overview: Some Common Materials 207
5 {0 H8 e1 M2 A# _- S- I
7.2 Polymers 208
8 t2 k: T7 g4 b4 M
7.2.1 Shear and Extension in Amorphous Polymers 208
( e; z4 q- F" C- B! G" T
7.2.2 Bulk Relaxation in Amorphous Polymers 212
3 O, K: f+ Q: K. f6 m* B
7.2.3 Crystalline Polymers 213
0 l" U& M' y- t0 D: l) l5 u
7.2.4 Aging and other Relaxations 214
# V) `; h4 b" ?' e( {# q
7.2.5 Piezoelectric Polymers 214
3 g5 N1 _. [ B# U6 I# z( r; E4 h
7.2.6 Asphalt 214
( K5 n4 G; }2 B2 H3 r' f" w
7.3 Metals 215
$ T& A4 O" Y. [# O- g
7.3.1 Linear Regime of Metals 215
# }1 J0 ~# M4 C- Q
7.3.2 Nonlinear Regime of Metals 217
# i# y9 d) ]% p3 D
7.3.3 High-Damping Metals and Alloys 219
3 A' ]% ]/ ^0 O
7.3.4 Creep-Resistant Alloys 224
O+ H! R; g3 I' ~# A8 }, Q
7.3.5 Semiconductors and Amorphous Elements 225
7 e- s4 O% @5 C+ R$ Z. l1 t
7.3.6 Semiconductors and Acoustic Amplification 226
0 w- E/ f1 p7 u Q
7.3.7 Nanoscale Properties 226
" Y- A* m. n W0 Z6 {9 i% B
7.4 Ceramics 227
* z* f5 W! n; V
7.4.1 Rocks 227
3 B0 _* Q6 s+ m/ _1 c0 g1 l0 @
7.4.2 Concrete 229
" O& @" \3 n) q s* r
7.4.3 Inorganic Glassy Materials 231
1 {8 T7 [, L( X0 v. U4 y* w7 v
7.4.4 Ice 231
/ H7 y4 z7 o" I
7.4.5 Piezoelectric Ceramics 232
8 C4 q- [1 h, q6 ?
7.5 Biological Composite Materials 233
7 m& d5 |, t& G) J4 i% O. y
7.5.1 Constitutive Equations 234
: }* A2 e5 B; C$ T1 J8 ?$ {
7.5.2 Hard Tissue: Bone 234
4 @* | K8 V2 ~, o/ l
7.5.3 Collagen, Elastin, Proteoglycans 236
O; X9 a5 N4 P; i' b
7.5.4 Ligament and Tendon 237
& Q/ i7 u+ Q- g2 d `) r+ a+ R
7.5.5 Muscle 240
' @; D& Z2 C" K* t
7.5.6 Fat 243
( |% u J( g. Q0 R1 y
7.5.7 Brain 243
6 S1 B2 H" \: Q& ]
7.5.8 Vocal Folds 244
6 y* P! `1 T# T) L" ~
7.5.9 Cartilage and Joints 244
8 V9 Q/ s& Y/ I( b5 c4 V
7.5.10 Kidney and Liver 246
; d( Z C4 p) i0 [
7.5.11 Uterus and Cervix 246
+ H2 e2 l. m) Z; j
7.5.12 Arteries 247
3 O; E; {. r7 D- H3 r7 W+ p
7.5.13 Lung 248
Z3 a. B1 c2 Y
7.5.14 The Ear 248
2 ~( D1 m% b- v3 W6 r! c& j# x
7.5.15 The Eye 249
+ H5 s& `( ~" _0 |
7.5.16 Tissue Comparison 251
) L( B$ W3 o' X8 _ Q( N4 x4 ?
7.5.17 Plant Seeds 252
9 z! Y4 s8 p- \7 d5 U. d+ M
7.5.18 Wood 252
* \4 e2 F7 X; A/ j# d
7.5.19 Soft Plant Tissue: Apple, Potato 253
' V `& ?3 E0 k
7.6 Common Aspects 253
/ ?) W1 X$ @" H% G' V$ _7 M
7.6.1 Temperature Dependence 253
7 k/ V3 |/ X( d+ R
7.6.2 High-Temperature Background 254
) ^' K9 E, S7 M% P
7.6.3 Negative Damping and Acoustic Emission 255
! Z0 R: S' ?5 V* E. w9 y) t
7.7 Summary 255
5 j+ W4 X; k8 G/ |5 u" c
7.8 Examples 255
! a0 T0 _: ~/ Y X% @/ w
7.9 Problems 256
6 Q9 z" U0 H4 ?% b
Bibliography 257
- s' L% t! I8 M8 P
2 X2 t2 o+ a1 i- C& c
4 }- r8 b4 B% _4 [
1 O% Y( Q1 J5 G2 }0 O
8 Causal Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
$ a8 v+ q, S* I4 v5 h4 a2 L
8.1 Introduction 271
# {- b/ D. w! ^, ^7 n0 z7 @, h) m
8.1.1 Rationale 271
. h- j- `$ H& w5 o, V# F! J
8.1.2 Survey of Viscoelastic Mechanisms 271
$ Y) E% C/ E+ r" T2 x( B1 Q
8.1.3 Coupled Fields 273
: }+ J" b* `, j' v* X4 c9 N
8.2 Thermoelastic Relaxation 274
* U y. M8 s0 [$ a* q8 `% l
8.2.1 Thermoelasticity in One Dimension 274
. c+ F2 X; d/ j7 r
8.2.2 Thermoelasticity in Three Dimensions 275
$ E! L% G% N. J$ |' d
8.2.3 Thermoelastic Relaxation Kinetics 276
/ A9 @& Z0 V' T8 r* K
8.2.4 Heterogeneity and Thermoelastic Damping 278
$ C u, o4 y1 v( p. R3 \/ y
8.2.5 Material Properties and Thermoelastic Damping 280
( Y) E& w/ _; r; J j
8.3 Relaxation by Stress-Induced Fluid Motion 280
$ |# ~& v2 M$ W: u9 R7 o" N/ E- Y
8.3.1 Fluid Motion in One Dimension 280
* B, K4 b+ C/ F3 M# d# C
8.3.2 Biot Theory: Fluid Motion in Three Dimensions 281
( t: s3 N+ G8 Z9 ^0 ]+ C
8.4 Relaxation by Molecular Rearrangement 286
$ O: d! J' ]4 ]3 g
8.4.1 Glassy Region 286
6 D$ |/ g! \' n& D
8.4.2 Transition Region 287
: T ^/ o/ h; U* O8 d, |6 X
8.4.3 Rubbery Behavior 289
9 ^6 x; L, e5 g/ D5 ?/ \
8.4.4 Crystalline Polymers 291
* D$ {/ l3 q& K; @( i
8.4.5 Biological Macromolecules 292
2 A- d' _% e7 z( y% G, v0 F
8.4.6 Polymers and Metals 292
# W* L; V6 R8 B9 Y6 a
8.5 Relaxation by Interface Motion 292
9 d' a. f& ~- _+ u( S, l
8.5.1 Grain Boundary Slip in Metals 292
+ `3 I9 e& }6 w& S
8.5.2 Interface Motion in Composites 294
# T" \! B8 V1 [% }3 W
8.5.3 Structural Interface Motion 294
8 C! V6 r7 r- r0 V# k
8.6 Relaxation Processes in Crystalline Materials 294
% J: Q6 n4 ?9 K' X0 G/ s# H
8.6.1 Snoek Relaxation: Interstitial Atoms 294
) D* z; b0 S2 r/ |* B; v( u& n
8.6.2 Zener Relaxation in Alloys: Pairs of Atoms 298
8 [) E9 I& L1 k1 E
8.6.3 Gorsky Relaxation 299
' J1 r$ }2 y4 w
8.6.4 Granato–L ¨ ucke Relaxation: Dislocations 300
- _% {* n3 v+ q6 s+ }0 Y
8.6.5 Bordoni Relaxation: Dislocation Kinks 303
- j# J/ _; B2 b6 w0 q Z5 h1 [
8.6.6 Relaxation Due to Phase Transformations 305
* f; v0 W {( Y: r# O
8.6.7 High-Temperature Background 314
# T+ D, ? h, {; j) @8 I
8.6.8 Nonremovable Relaxations 315
+ Z7 L; v: M) O7 {7 c
8.6.9 Damping Due to Wave Scattering 316
; t4 Z0 I8 T5 d
8.7 Magnetic and Piezoelectric Materials 316
- N; k1 R: ]4 O2 B9 r
8.7.1 Relaxation in Magnetic Media 316
2 n- W! N) B7 {4 k9 v
8.7.2 Relaxation in Piezoelectric Materials 318
3 n z3 c% X' L `8 F! b4 c% m
8.8 Nonexponential Relaxation 322
# \! Q, F7 a/ e( ?9 [3 F! B- F2 G$ n. o
8.9 Concepts for Material Design 323
* [2 j7 h6 f0 s( v8 c5 k6 j8 F% |
8.9.1 Multiple Causes: Deformation Mechanism Maps 323
. r3 C0 X }2 ] s4 Z+ _, K
8.9.2 Damping Mechanisms in High-Loss Alloys 326
3 r, p$ {) a# V7 C. d4 c1 b
8.9.3 Creep Mechanisms in Creep-Resistant Alloys 326
0 M/ F$ X1 h- _0 s$ v p& x
8.10 Relaxation at Very Long Times 327
! l1 ]- I1 T) D0 o% X4 _4 `% s; d$ z, K
8.11 Summary 327
8 t7 _% D. V: `& T$ g! A
8.12 Examples 328
) v( J: B6 }$ y, y5 s
8.13 Problems and Questions 332
- u% g$ q/ S& O5 `
Bibliography 332
6 W+ \& i7 s/ O0 O- e
+ h! W q2 c. q% K. H
1 [1 L% ] u' J5 y' a: L
" d0 n( q( L* K. Q; e: \
9 Viscoelastic Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
2 q6 b9 c* Y: d! ~4 n1 ?8 I8 y
9.1 Introduction 341
+ `; X s' M6 U' m: m
9.2 Composite Structures and Properties 341
9 g* b; g9 r! x1 }5 j2 O
9.2.1 Ideal Structures 341
6 }# S4 q: ], `- `
9.2.2 Anisotropy due to Structure 342
+ e' j) e2 v% r b8 \
9.3 Prediction of Elastic and Viscoelastic Properties 344
1 ], Y i( }" H
9.3.1 Basic Structures: Correspondence Solutions 344
0 G+ @4 q1 Q# f" B. |
9.3.2 Voigt Composite 345
, m" j$ ~ \! N% Z" [( ]
9.3.3 Reuss Composite 345
& H8 ~ c, s& E- |& T8 ]
9.3.4 Hashin–Shtrikman Composite 346
6 d8 ?- f/ ~ W5 {
9.3.5 Spherical Particulate Inclusions 347
[% M. } K w! K7 B) b7 h
9.3.6 Fiber Inclusions 349
% X, d* Z9 ]7 B0 I; k1 b# d7 P" C
9.3.7 Platelet Inclusions 349
; H' ]) z0 X5 q* L
9.3.8 Stiffness-Loss Maps 350
3 F1 s7 \% Q% }& }2 @ U P& D* h
9.4 Bounds on the Viscoelastic Properties 353
9 ]- f' N% A- F% x3 a$ u+ C
9.5 Extremal Composites 354
: C: U5 U0 U1 W$ V( Q* L8 K
9.6 Biological Composite Materials 356
) f F G x0 \7 W
9.7 Poisson’s Ratio of Viscoelastic Composites 357
! Y4 [: \, O. H4 {* `) y
9.8 Particulate and Fibrous Composite Materials 358
% e; Z# c) Y6 ^2 B& [& e2 l
9.8.1 Structure 358
$ L. n6 H1 I2 P8 K$ V
9.8.2 Particulate Polymer Matrix Composites 359
: @# f* D6 Y; Q4 ]3 O$ l- L
9.8.3 Fibrous Polymer Matrix Composites 361
2 t$ l" B, `! N3 Z1 K
9.8.4 Metal–Matrix Composites 362
4 m+ G/ e/ H& @9 |/ y& \
9.9 Cellular Solids 363
6 |5 W8 f( _: h. s
9.10 Piezoelectric Composites 366
1 f+ I. R; P& ~8 P
9.11 Dispersion of Waves in Composites 366
" X" p* q/ g. H# [
9.12 Summary 367
$ v8 W8 Q/ _! F" l
9.13 Examples 367
0 V+ i$ X1 E0 d" h
9.14 Problems 370
) i5 X& r" [2 @9 e; O! e
Bibliography 370
2 |* u% y) u, R* Q) i' l) e) `2 L
7 z j$ O+ N9 L% O2 ~ S0 J
6 T5 B7 E8 {- S* `$ v6 L
k5 d$ m+ |: e6 p
10 Applications and Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
( Z( P' \1 O# V* L# n) Y h
10.1 Introduction 377
# a' B+ v1 w" d" D: ^- V. ?) e( M- o& k
10.2 A Viscoelastic Earplug: Use of Recovery 377
; l9 @; O! K3 h4 R/ ^6 w: T( D
10.3 Creep and Relaxation of Materials and Structures 378
% `/ l, x. j- d# l/ @& W$ d
10.3.1 Concrete 378
$ K0 _* k4 t9 z2 f, ?: x% Q
10.3.2 Wood 378
9 E, o- G: E5 Z- h* g1 U/ o. n9 c
10.3.3 Power Lines 379
3 v, U7 A( T# n
10.3.4 Glass Sag: Flowing Window Panes 380
) q z g- T" ?9 `- V. G( K
10.3.5 Indentation: Road Rutting 380
, m4 o( ?$ I5 u' k% i1 n
10.3.6 Leather 381
; h, w& y) u: V7 a s. R7 y
10.3.7 Creep-Resistant Alloys and Turbine Blades 381
4 H9 j5 b* \ h) F
10.3.8 Loosening of Bolts and Screws 382
( F7 y% j8 U5 f/ D/ j, p
10.3.9 Computer Disk Drive: Case Study of Relaxation 384
& `$ F" `/ u4 Y& K. r4 O# l4 }
10.3.10 Earth, Rock, and Ice 385
4 @' ]; b% h2 i* L# J
10.3.11 Solder 386
; E" b' k. }8 W/ O
10.3.12 Filamentsi nL ight Bulbs and Other Devices 387
0 K( c5 }& _1 ]# p/ C- o
10.3.13Tires: Flat-Spotting and Swelling 388
0 q' \2 a6 X, t1 V) v
10.3.14Cushionsfor Seats and Wheelchairs 388
; l! W! H; J: X/ V I# f; S
10.3.15 Artificial Joints 389
8 T; M. y ^+ \5 I% k
10.3.16 Dental Fillings 389
4 @% O P+ p! q+ b- ]) P% d
10.3.17 Food Products 389
U* b) _, T6 D0 i+ y
10.3.18 Seals and Gaskets 390
4 w( R6 h) ]/ C( u" ^9 V. n
10.3.19 Relaxationi nM usical Instrument Strings 390
' x. B6 O* ~6 t5 B) o+ k
10.3.20 Winding of Tape 391
( U+ N+ g, _+ o5 o; p
10.4 Creep and Recovery in Human Tissue 391
3 U* n7 h) ~8 l, H
10.4.1 Spinal Discs: Height Change 391
) Y% G) u/ H# E Z% U* j
10.4.2 The Nose 392
# \) J) t1 J- T4 b8 _9 X! N* [
10.4.3 Skin 392
9 t3 z4 P/ S4 ? ]% y, v
10.4.4 The Head 393
2 m4 a* p7 t) a* _& F
10.5 Creep Damage and Creep Rupture 394
2 e- X, C+ U3 s, A& @( _" j
10.5.1 Vajont Slide 394
/ k5 X! L2 m( b6 @$ A0 s$ l2 j
10.5.2 Collapse of a Tunnel Segment 394
0 F0 b" d6 T5 K3 |: C9 V' d4 m3 e+ S
10.6 Vibration Control and Waves 394
# S# e- k$ k: K5 C0 H( w/ ?
10.6.1 Analysis of Vibration Transmission 394
, a9 l k% x3 R( A: W
10.6.2 Resonant (Tuned) Damping 397
6 d3 h- b; h6 U; p
10.6.3 Rotating Equipment Vibration 397
. j/ R! |& r- B3 a0 _+ n
10.6.4 Large Structure Vibration: Bridges and Buildings 398
" W) N# E2 l; l
10.6.5 Damping Layers for Plate and Beam Vibration 399
R6 f$ O0 @: ?8 u3 m/ _
10.6.6 Structural Damping Materials 400
# Z4 a9 O2 _2 {* _7 V
10.6.7 Piezoelectric Transducers 402
3 A* q+ J \) g8 R4 Z1 [# l: N. g: G
10.6.8 Aircraft Noise and Vibration 402
% t7 Q K+ e, y' D, P3 S
10.6.9 Solid Fuel Rocket Vibration 404
/ r o! K; I5 y C7 P3 k1 T
10.6.10 Sports Equipment Vibration 404
- `3 N0 ]% C/ q9 Z( H. P% c! G% N
10.6.11 Seat Cushions and Automobiles: Protection of People 404
: o5 i, R' C$ j$ W. ]+ X5 h# {
10.6.12 Vibrationi n ScientificI nstruments 406
5 \, k G7 q' @6 V9 W7 _) O# C: p
10.6.13 Waves 406
F l% L- ^% ?. U& I5 t
10.7 “Smart” Materials and Structures 407
8 E* Y" v) h& p& [$ `& O
10.7.1 “Smart” Materials 407
* |5 A- A9 p5 r9 H7 L
10.7.2 Shape Memory Materials 408
- g$ u1 c2 v$ J, ~
10.7.3 Self-Healing Materials 409
. s( s+ _' ]. K9 N7 q- w$ P% L9 o
10.7.4 Piezoelectric Solid Damping 409
6 v* O9 }6 K) k- @* |; _, m/ C- q
10.7.5 Active Vibration Control: “Smart” Structures 409
1 C- C9 I6 \. Y9 N" G0 o( L
10.8 Rolling Friction 409
! z+ G7 Y7 K. v
10.8.1 Rolling Analysis 410
% U# j6 y( y6 d% H. B5 n1 p+ O
10.8.2 Rolling of Tires 411
. `0 ]! ]0 j. }% ?5 p4 e
10.9 Uses of Low-Loss Materials 412
2 ^2 k9 ?$ B' n9 a$ L
10.9.1 Timepieces 412
& \9 F- l. t% a1 s! R
10.9.2 Frequency Stabilization and Control 413
: l! O2 t7 q- A" n# ~ a
10.9.3 Gravitational Measurements 413
7 i" R: T# \: U& j7 U$ D4 ~& v- P! B6 I
10.9.4 Nanoscale Resonators 414
! U3 N/ W, z6 R- j2 e+ a
10.10 Impulses, Rebound, and Impact Absorption 414
! t& e- }: `" L$ x" p1 F
10.10.1 Rationale 414
: i @' O% p( D+ d5 u# o
10.10.2 Analysis 415
. d# T/ e& ~# s# y. x; z
10.10.3 Bumpers and Pads 418
( `6 f- d+ c6 D# K( @
10.10.4 Shoe Insoles, Athletic Tracks, and Glove Liners 419
+ E/ X% h, @* f' R% \& v1 C% }! A
10.10.5 Toughness of Materials 419
8 ^/ A% C. f u" P7 c7 h
10.10.6 Tissue Viscoelasticity in Medical Diagnosis 420
! l) t7 _/ u7 L! g0 O
10.11Rebound of a Ball 421
- F! e0 n/ l: k
10.11.1 Analysis 421
" w, p: i9 V* y1 S
10.11.2 Applications in Sports 422
' e% ~1 b4 y- }8 z) p
10.12 Applications of Soft Materials 424
' h. N, M1 E6 `7 V2 X& ]. E
10.12.1 Viscoelastic Gels in Surgery 424
3 D, W1 P6 e0 G# N$ _6 o+ V
10.12.2 Hand Strength Exerciser 424
/ U4 F8 v' O& Q- V
10.12.3 Viscoelastic Toys 424
% v: t# a) @- \7 q% K; G7 o5 d
10.12.4 No-Slip Flooring, Mats, and Shoe Soles 425
' h. O/ i& U9 ~
10.13 Applications Involving Thermoviscoelasticity 425
! z; ^8 g% ?! J$ L J! x; F. K! S" @
10.14 Satellite Dynamics and Stability 426
2 e' V; t2 n9 `9 S) |$ I' l T
10.15 Summary 428
8 l Z* x! t3 p
10.16 Examples 429
2 Y' f7 J6 X: ~! Y1 \+ W( ~$ [
10.17 Problems 431
' t" K+ D$ \- P3 u; y5 E0 I/ Q
Bibliography 431
# Z' i! N( T3 g+ T4 M4 l) R6 s; ^
0 F' ], d: M# I3 |
4 v4 ?; h( Z; F y, A7 D) Q
" z! X& y/ h& I) b: o
A: Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
9 r: v3 z2 ~7 ?8 Z: l. B3 H
A.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 441
, ]# [. A6 q' O8 b8 q
A.1.1 Introduction 441
0 R5 ~/ W" \3 Y: i
A.1.2 Functionals and Distributions 441
) }' e7 A& i' K- p
A.1.3 Heaviside Unit Step Function 442
5 [) X( e3 w4 D# E' A- v8 d8 j
A.1.4 Dirac Delta 442
3 f6 j. [ F% W/ Q3 R
A.1.5 Doublet 443
! s2 @1 n6 e. K6 j
A.1.6 Gamma Function 445
4 F2 x& ^+ z8 V ^
A.1.7 Liebnitz Rule 445
e: u6 }' ^# L, A* j2 l: q
A.2 Transforms 445
! x$ A- D4 p/ y, B
A.2.1 Laplace Transform 446
' Y# `" n# i, o: J; I
A.2.2 Fourier Transform 446
% V$ k& }: z5 h Z8 q2 o3 t
A.2.3 Hartley Transform 447
% M& o: [" \7 ?
A.2.4 Hilbert Transform 447
: L; V6 E' B% J/ _* V3 F9 `
A.3 Laplace Transform Properties 448
" W" F; Y+ X9 _4 f, |
A.4 Convolutions 449
( o. c+ u/ V$ l& e
A.5 Interrelations in Elasticity Theory 451
# q' D9 O7 n5 G+ c; X( `
A.6 Other Works on Viscoelasticity 451
8 ~# o) ], _) f
Bibliography 452
' X( J R1 i. I
1 y0 s/ n$ F, E; p9 C" M
( a3 [, [0 ]4 Z3 |
B: Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
% A2 c- N( F! K/ A; M
B.1 Principal Symbols 455
# @( ~7 ?5 o% ^& G
Index 457
j' \" ]( t! J# m! }, l+ C* W
: S. \* \6 \1 N- ?4 A6 T
. c$ x: m+ V, M- N) w% d4 k
歡迎光臨 機(jī)械社區(qū) (http://www.ytsybjq.com/)
Powered by Discuz! X3.5